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The Apache–Mexico Wars, or the Mexican Apache Wars, refer to the conflicts between Spanish or Mexican forces and the Apache peoples. The wars began in the 1600s with the arrival of Spanish colonists in present day New Mexico. War between the Mexicans and the Apache was especially intense from 1831 into the 1850s. Thereafter, Mexican operations against the Apache coincided with the Apache Wars of the United States, such as during the Victorio Campaign. Mexico continued to operate against hostile Apache bands as late as 1915.〔http://www.aaanativearts.com/apache/Apache_Mexican_Wars.htm〕〔http://www.theoutlaws.com/indians3.htm〕 For other conflicts involving the Apache see Apache War (disambiguation). ==War with the Spanish== The Spanish first encountered the Apache, whom they called Querechos, in 1541 in the Texas panhandle. At the time the Apache were buffalo hunting nomads who had trading relationships with the Pueblos of the Rio Grande valley. The early contacts were friendly, but in the 17th century, the relationship between Spaniard and Apache deteriorated because of slave raids by the Spaniards and Apache attacks on the Spanish and Pueblo settlements in New Mexico. The Apache migrated south and west, under pressure from the Comanche who were also expanding southward. Being pushed off the buffalo-rich Great Plains into the more austere desert and mountains of the Southwest, probably caused the Apache to become more dependent upon raiding for a livelihood. By 1692, they were present in the present-day state of Chihuahua, Mexico. They soon were also visiting Sonora and Coahuila and seem to have absorbed several other Indian peoples native to the future U.S./Mexico border area, the Suma, Manso, Jano, and Jocome. Chihuahua, Sonora, and Coahuila were more populated and richer than the Spanish colonies in New Mexico and Apache raiding soon became a serious problem. In 1737, a Spanish military officer said, "many mines have been destroyed, 15 large estancias () along the frontier have been totally destroyed, having lost two hundred head of cattle, mules, and horses; several missions have been burned and two hundred Christians have lost their lives to the Apache enemy, who sustains himself only with the bow and arrow, killing and stealing livestock."〔Schmal, John P. "Indigenous Chihuahua: a story of war and assimilation" http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/374-indigenous-chihuahua-a-story-of-war-and-assimilation〕 The Spanish response to the Apache problem was to establish a chain of presidios (forts) along their northern frontier, undertake punitive missions against the Apache, usually with Indian allies, and induce peace among the Apache. The most prominent of the presidios was at Janos, Chihuahua 〔Schmal, http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/374-indigenous-chihuahua-a-story-of-war-and-assimilation〕 Another, the Presidio San Augustin del Tucson became the first Spanish settlement in Arizona. The punitive missions of the Spanish against the Apache extracted a heavy toll of lives but were ineffective in halting Apache raids. The intensity of the conflict was at its peak from 1771 to 1776 when in Chihuahua and Coahuila "1,674 Spaniards were killed, 154 were captured, over one hundred ranches were abandoned, and over sixty-eight thousand animals were stolen." (Many of the "Spaniard" deaths recorded were probably mestizos and Christian Indians. Apache casualties were also heavy. In October and November 1775, a Spanish military operation headed by Hugo Oconór in New Mexico killed 132 Apache and took 104 prisoners.〔Griffen, William B. ''Apaches at War & Peace: The Janos Presidio, 1750-1858'' Albuquerque: U of NM, 1988, p. 32-33〕 In 1786, the Viceroy in Mexico City, Bernardo de Galvez, issued an ''Instrución'' to continue war with the Apache, but also to persuade them to make peace. Military operations intensified, but, at the same time, Apache who voluntarily surrendered and settled at the presidios were treated kindly and provided rations. Another factor inducing the Apache to make peace may have been the fact that New Mexico had made peace with the Comanche in 1786 and Comanche were now joining the Spanish in military operations against the Apache〔Griffen, pp. 53-54〕 By 1790, most of the Apache bands, which had no central leadership, were at peace with the Spanish. By 1793, almost 2,000 Apache were settled at a dozen presidios, including 400 at Janos and 800 at El Norte (El Paso, Texas). The number of Apache still living in the mountains and deserts is unknown. Relative peace between the Apache and the Spaniards and Mexicans would endure until 1831.〔Griffen, pp. 139, 267-268〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Apache–Mexico Wars」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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